66 research outputs found
Task-Related modulations of BOLD low-frequency fluctuations within the default mode Network
Spontaneous low-frequency Blood-Oxygenation Level-Dependent (BOLD) signals acquired during resting state are characterized by spatial patterns of synchronous fluctuations, ultimately leading to the identification of robust brain networks. The resting-state brain networks, including the Default Mode Network (DMN), are demonstrated to persist during sustained task execution, but the exact features of task-related changes of network properties are still not well characterized. In this work we sought to examine in a group of 20 healthy volunteers (age 33 ± 6 years, 8 F/12 M) the relationship between changes of spectral and spatiotemporal features of one prominent resting-state network, namely the DMN, during the continuous execution of a working memory n-back task. We found that task execution impacted on both functional connectivity and amplitude of BOLD fluctuations within large parts of the DMN, but these changes correlated between each other only in a small area of the posterior cingulate. We conclude that combined analysis of multiple parameters related to connectivity, and their changes during the transition from resting state to continuous task execution, can contribute to a better understanding of how brain networks rearrange themselves in response to a task
Multi-scale Laplacian community detection in heterogeneous networks
Heterogeneous and complex networks represent the intertwined interactions
between real-world elements or agents. A fundamental problem of complex network
theory involves finding inherent partitions, clusters, or communities. By
taking advantage of the recent Laplacian Renormalization Group approach, we
scrutinize information diffusion pathways throughout networks to shed further
light on this issue. Based on inter-node communicability, our definition
provides a unifying framework for multiple partitioning measures: multi-scale
Laplacian (MSL) community detection algorithm. This new framework permits to
introduce a scale-dependent optimal partition in communities and to determine
the existence of a particular class of nodes, called metastable nodes, that
switching community at different scales are expected to play a central role in
the communication between different communities and, therefore in the control
of the whole network.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figure
Characterizing spatial point processes by percolation transitions
A set of discrete individual points located in an embedding continuum space
can be seen as percolating or non-percolating, depending on the radius of the
discs/spheres associated with each of them. This problem is relevant in
theoretical ecology to analyze, e.g., the spatial percolation of a tree species
in a tropical forest or a savanna. Here, we revisit the problem of aggregating
random points in continuum systems (from to dimensional Euclidean
spaces) to analyze the nature of the corresponding percolation transition in
spatial point processes. This problem finds a natural description in terms of
the canonical ensemble but not in the usual grand-canonical one, customarily
employed to describe percolation transitions. This leads us to analyze the
question of ensemble equivalence and study whether the resulting canonical
continuum percolation transition shares its universal properties with standard
percolation transitions, analyzing diverse homogeneous and heterogeneous
spatial point processes. We, therefore, provide a powerful tool to characterize
and classify a vast class of natural point patterns, revealing their
fundamental properties based on percolation phase transitions.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figure
Laplacian renormalization group for heterogeneous networks
The renormalization group is the cornerstone of the modern theory of
universality and phase transitions and it is a powerful tool to scrutinize
symmetries and organizational scales in dynamical systems. However, its
application to complex networks has proven particularly challenging, owing
to correlations between intertwined scales. To date, existing approaches
have been based on hidden geometries hypotheses, which rely on the
embedding of complex networks into underlying hidden metric spaces.
Here we propose a Laplacian renormalization group diffusion-based picture
for complex networks, which is able to identify proper spatiotemporal scales
in heterogeneous networks. In analogy with real-space renormalization
group procedures, we first introduce the concept of Kadanoff supernodes
as block nodes across multiple scales, which helps to overcome detrimental
small-world effects that are responsible for cross-scale correlations. We
then rigorously define the momentum space procedure to progressively
integrate out fast diffusion modes and generate coarse-grained graphs. We
validate the method through application to several real-world networks,
demonstrating its ability to perform network reduction keeping crucial
properties of the systems intact
Metastable States of Multiscale Brain Networks Are Keys to Crack the Timing Problem
The dynamics of the environment where we live in and the interaction with it, predicting events, provided strong evolutionary pressures for the brain functioning to process temporal information and generate timed responses. As a result, the human brain is able to process temporal information and generate temporal patterns. Despite the clear importance of temporal processing to cognition, learning, communication and sensory, motor and emotional processing, the basal mechanisms of how animals differentiate simple intervals or provide timed responses are still under debate. The lesson we learned from the last decade of research in neuroscience is that functional and structural brain connectivity matter. Specifically, it has been accepted that the organization of the brain in interacting segregated networks enables its function. In this paper we delineate the route to a promising approach for investigating timing mechanisms. We illustrate how novel insight into timing mechanisms can come by investigating brain functioning as a multi-layer dynamical network whose clustered dynamics is bound to report the presence of metastable states. We anticipate that metastable dynamics underlie the real-time coordination necessary for the brain's dynamic functioning associated to time perception. This new point of view will help further clarifying mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders
Laplacian paths in complex networks: Information core emerges from entropic transitions
Complex networks usually exhibit a rich architecture organized over multiple intertwined scales. Information
pathways are expected to pervade these scales reflecting structural insights that are not manifest from analyses
of the network topology. Moreover, small-world effects correlate with the different network hierarchies complicating
the identification of coexisting mesoscopic structures and functional cores.We present a communicability
analysis of effective information pathways throughout complex networks based on information diffusion to shed
further light on these issues. We employ a variety of brand-new theoretical techniques allowing for: (i) bring
the theoretical framework to quantify the probability of information diffusion among nodes, (ii) identify critical
scales and structures of complex networks regardless of their intrinsic properties, and (iii) demonstrate their
dynamical relevance in synchronization phenomena. By combining these ideas, we evidence how the information
flow on complex networks unravels different resolution scales. Using computational techniques, we focus on
entropic transitions, uncovering a generic mesoscale object, the information core, and controlling information
processing in complex networks. Altogether, this study sheds much light on allowing new theoretical techniques
paving the way to introduce future renormalization group approaches based on diffusion distances
Organization and hierarchy of the human functional brain network lead to a chain-like core
The brain is a paradigmatic example of a complex system: its functionality emerges as a global property of local mesoscopic and microscopic interactions. Complex network theory allows to elicit the functional architecture of the brain in terms of links (correlations) between nodes (grey matter regions) and to extract information out of the noise. Here we present the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data from forty healthy humans at rest for the investigation of the basal scaffold of the functional brain network organization. We show how brain regions tend to coordinate by forming ahighly hierarchical chain-like structure of homogeneously clustered anatomical areas. A maximum spanning tree approach revealed the centrality of the occipital cortex and the peculiar aggregation of
cerebellar regions to form a closed core. We also report the hierarchy of network segregation and the level of clusters integration as a function of the connectivity strength between brain regions
Complexity in Neural and Financial Systems: From Time-Series to Networks (editorial)
When can a system be unambiguously defined as “complex”? Although many real-world systems are believed to bear the signature of complexity, the question above remains unanswered. Our special issue aims at contributing to this ongoing discussion by collecting a number of studies tackling two aspects of complexity that have recently gained increasing attention: the temporal one and the structural one
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